Mapping of 'sixth nucleotide' in embryonic stem cells indicates it may activate genes
By By Kim Irwin | 23 Jul 2011
Stem cell researchers at UCLA have generated the first genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) - a DNA modification sometimes called the "sixth nucleotide" - in human embryonic stem cells and have discovered that the molecule is found predominantly in genes that are turned on, or active.
The finding by researchers with the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA may prove to be important in controlling diseases like cancer, in which the regulation of certain genes plays a role in disease development.
"Any way you can control genes will be hugely important for human disease and cancer," said Steven E Jacobsen, a professor of molecular, cell and developmental biology in the UCLA division of life sciences and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. "Cancer is generally a problem of genes being inappropriately turned off or mutated, like tumor suppressors genes, or genes that should be off getting switched on."
The study appears in the July issue of the journal Genome Biology.
DNA is made up of four bases, or nucleotides: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. 5hmC is formed when a methyl group is added to cytosine, a process known as DNA methylation, followed by the addition of a hydroxy group.
The molecule is important in epigenetics - the study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence - because the newly formed hydroxymethyl group on the cytosine can potentially switch a gene on and off, Jacobsen said.
5hmC was only recently discovered, and its function has not been clearly understood, Jacobsen said. Until now, researchers didn't know where 5hmC was located within the genome.
"That is important to know, because it helps you to understand how it is functioning and what it's being used for," said Jacobsen, who also is a researcher with UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. "We had known that DNA could be modified by 5hmC, but it wasn't clear where on the genome this was occurring."
Jacobsen, whose lab studies the molecular genetics and genomics of DNA methylation patterning, used genomics to define where in human embryonic stem cells 5hmC was present. Previous research had shown the molecule to be abundant in human embryonic stem cells, as well as in brain cells, Jacobsen said.
In the study, Jacobsen found that 5hmC was associated with genes and tended to be found on genes that were active. The study also revealed that 5hmC was present on a type of DNA regulatory element called an enhancer; enhancers help control gene expression. In particular, 5hmC was present on enhancers that are crucial for maintaining human embryonic stem cells as stem cells, instead of differentiating into other specialized cells in the body.
The results suggest that 5hmC plays a role in the activation of genes, in contrast to the role of the more well-studied 5-methylcytosine (5mC) - the so-called "fifth nucleotide" - which is involved in silencing genes. This relationship is in line with the view that 5hmC is created directly from 5mC.
"If we can understand the function of 5hmC, that will lead to greater understanding of how genes are turned on and off, and that could lead to the development of methods for controlling gene regulation," Jacobsen said.
Moving forward, Jacobsen and his team will seek to uncover the mechanism by which 5hmC is created from DNA methylation and how it becomes localized to particular areas of the genome, such as the enhancers.
The two-year study was funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, a Fred Eiserling and Judith Lengyel Graduate Doctoral Fellowship, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the National Institutes of Health, and by an Innovation Award from the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA.
The finding by researchers with the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA may prove to be important in controlling diseases like cancer, in which the regulation of certain genes plays a role in disease development."Any way you can control genes will be hugely important for human disease and cancer," said Steven E Jacobsen, a professor of molecular, cell and developmental biology in the UCLA division of life sciences and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. "Cancer is generally a problem of genes being inappropriately turned off or mutated, like tumor suppressors genes, or genes that should be off getting switched on."
The study appears in the July issue of the journal Genome Biology.
DNA is made up of four bases, or nucleotides: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. 5hmC is formed when a methyl group is added to cytosine, a process known as DNA methylation, followed by the addition of a hydroxy group.
The molecule is important in epigenetics - the study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence - because the newly formed hydroxymethyl group on the cytosine can potentially switch a gene on and off, Jacobsen said.
5hmC was only recently discovered, and its function has not been clearly understood, Jacobsen said. Until now, researchers didn't know where 5hmC was located within the genome.
"That is important to know, because it helps you to understand how it is functioning and what it's being used for," said Jacobsen, who also is a researcher with UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. "We had known that DNA could be modified by 5hmC, but it wasn't clear where on the genome this was occurring."
Jacobsen, whose lab studies the molecular genetics and genomics of DNA methylation patterning, used genomics to define where in human embryonic stem cells 5hmC was present. Previous research had shown the molecule to be abundant in human embryonic stem cells, as well as in brain cells, Jacobsen said.
In the study, Jacobsen found that 5hmC was associated with genes and tended to be found on genes that were active. The study also revealed that 5hmC was present on a type of DNA regulatory element called an enhancer; enhancers help control gene expression. In particular, 5hmC was present on enhancers that are crucial for maintaining human embryonic stem cells as stem cells, instead of differentiating into other specialized cells in the body.
The results suggest that 5hmC plays a role in the activation of genes, in contrast to the role of the more well-studied 5-methylcytosine (5mC) - the so-called "fifth nucleotide" - which is involved in silencing genes. This relationship is in line with the view that 5hmC is created directly from 5mC.
"If we can understand the function of 5hmC, that will lead to greater understanding of how genes are turned on and off, and that could lead to the development of methods for controlling gene regulation," Jacobsen said.
Moving forward, Jacobsen and his team will seek to uncover the mechanism by which 5hmC is created from DNA methylation and how it becomes localized to particular areas of the genome, such as the enhancers.
The two-year study was funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, a Fred Eiserling and Judith Lengyel Graduate Doctoral Fellowship, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the National Institutes of Health, and by an Innovation Award from the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA.