Stone Age hunter-gatherers were assimilated by farmers

A genomic analysis of eleven Stone-Age human remains from Scandinavia has revealed that Stone Age farmers assimilated local hunter-gatherers - and that the farmers outnumbered them. An international team led by Uppsala University and Stockholm University is behind the findings.

The transition between a hunting-gathering lifestyle and a farming lifestyle has been debated for a century. As scientists learned to work with DNA from ancient human material, a completely new way of understanding the historic period opened up. But even so, the prehistoric population structure associated with the transition to an agricultural lifestyle in Europe remains poorly understood.

Lund University archaeologist Jan Apel contributed to the study with archaeological materials and interpretations of 7,000 and 5,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Gotland.

''It is interesting that hunter-gatherers were found to have less genetic variation than farmers, and that they were absorbed, and not vice versa. Perhaps they were fewer in numbers and eventually sought out farming groups'', says Jan Apel, Associate Professor of Archeology at Lund University.

''For many of the most interesting questions, DNA-information from people today just doesn't cut it, the best way to learn about ancient history is to analyze direct data-despite the challenges'', says Dr. Pontus Skoglund of Uppsala University, now at Harvard University, and one of the lead authors of the study.

''We have generated genomic data from the largest number of ancient individuals'' says Dr. Helena Malmström of Uppsala University and one of the lead authors. ''The eleven Stone-Age human remains were between 5,000 and 7,000 years old and associated with hunter-gatherer or farmer life-styles'' says Helena Malmström.

Anders Götherström, who led the Stockholm University team, is satisfied with the amount of DNA that they could retrieve.

''Not only were we able to generate DNA from several individuals, but we did get a lot of it. In some cases we got the equivalent of draft genomes. A population genomic study on this level with a material of this age has never been done before as far as I know.''

The material used in the study is from mainland Scandinavia as well as from the Baltic island Gotland, and it comprises of hunter-gatherers from various time periods as well as early farmers.

Professor Mattias Jakobsson, who led the Uppsala University team, is intrigued by the results.

''Stone-Age hunter-gatherers had much lower genetic diversity than farmers. This suggests that Stone-Age foraging groups were in low numbers compared to farmers'', says Mattias Jakobsson.

Jan Storå at Stockholm University shares Mattias' fascination.

''The low variation in the hunter gatherers may be related to oscillating living conditions likely affecting the population sizes of hunter-gatherers. One of the additional exciting results is the association of the Mesolithic individual to both the roughly contemporaneous individual from Spain but also the association to the Neolithic hunter-gatherers.''

The study confirms that Stone-Age hunter-gatherers and farmers were genetically distinct and that migration spread farming practices across Europe, but the team was able to go even further by demonstrating that the Neolithic farmers had substantial admixture from hunter-gatherers. Surprisingly, the hunter-gatherers from the Baltic Sea displayed no evidence of introgression from farmers.

''We see clear evidence that people from hunter-gatherer groups were incorporated into farming groups as they expanded across Europe'', says Pontus Skoglund. ''This might be clues towards something that happened also when agriculture spread in other parts of the world.''

''The asymmetric gene-flow shows that the farming groups assimilated hunter-gatherer groups, at least partly'', says Mattias Jakobsson. ''When we compare Scandinavian to central European farming groups that lived at about the same time, we see greater levels of hunter-gatherer gene-flow into the Scandinavian farming groups.''

About the study:

This study is part of the recently initiated ''Atlas project'', a large-scale genomic investigation of ancient human remains in Scandinavia led by Stockholm and Uppsala Universities and funded by the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences and the Swedish Research Council. The present study brings the first results from the project.