Anti-psychotic medications offer new hope in the battle against glioblastoma

Researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine have discovered that FDA-approved anti-psychotic drugs possess tumour-killing activity against the most aggressive form of primary brain cancer, glioblastoma.

The finding was published in this week's online edition of Oncotarget.

The team of scientists, led by principal investigator, Clark C. Chen, MD, PhD, vice-chairman, UC San Diego, School of Medicine, division of neurosurgery, used a technology platform called shRNA to test how each gene in the human genome contributed to glioblastoma growth. 

The discovery that led to the shRNA technology won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine in 2006.

''ShRNAs are invaluable tools in the study of what genes do. They function like molecular erasers,'' says Chen. ''We can design these 'erasers' against every gene in the human genome. These shRNAs can then be packaged into viruses and introduced into cancer cells. If a gene is required for glioblastoma growth and the shRNA erases the function of that gene, then the cancer cell will either stop growing or die.''

Chen says that one surprising finding is that many genes required for glioblastoma growth are also required for dopamine receptor function. Dopamine is a small molecule that is released by nerve cells and binds to the dopamine receptor in surrounding nerve cells, enabling cell communication.

Abnormal dopamine regulation is associated with Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Because of the importance of dopamine in these diseases, drugs have been developed to neutralise the effect of dopamine, called dopamine antagonists.

Following clues unveiled by their shRNA study, Chen and his team tested the effects of dopamine antagonists against glioblastoma and found that these drugs exert significant anti-tumor effects both in cultured cells and mouse models.

These effects are synergistic when combined with other anti-glioblastoma drugs in terms of halting tumor growth.

''The anti-glioblastoma effects of these drugs are completely unexpected and were only uncovered because we carried out an unbiased genetic screen,'' said Chen.

''On the clinical front, the finding is important for two reasons,'' says Bob Carter, MD, PhD, chairman of UC San Diego, School of Medicine, division of neurosurgery.

''First, these drugs are already FDA-cleared for human use in the treatment of other diseases, so it is possible these drugs may be re-purposed for glioblastoma treatment, thereby bypassing years of pre-clinical testing. Second, these drugs have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier, a barrier that prevents more than 90 percent of drugs from entry into the brain.''

Chen is now working with the UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center Neuro-Oncology team to translate his findings into a clinical trial.

Funding of Chen's work was provided by the Sontag Foundation, Burroughs Wellcome Foundation, Kimmel Foundation, and Forbeck Foundation.

Co-authors of this study include investigators from three institutions: Jie Li, Shan Zhu, Kimberly Ng, Diahnn Futalan, Ying Shen, Johnny C. Akers, Tyler Steed, Deepa Kushwaha, Bob S. Carter, Frank Furnari, and Webster Cavenee, University of California, San Diego; Chang-Hyuk Kwon, Ohio State University; and David Kozono, Michael Schlabach, Stephen Elledge, Harvard Medical School.