New solar cell technology gives light waves “amnesia”

For years, scientists have dealt with the problem of trying to increase the efficiency and drive down the cost of solar cells. Now researchers have hit upon a new idea - trying to give the light collected by solar cells a bit of ''amnesia.''

A specialized piece of glass called a luminescent solar concentrator can intensify incoming light. The green and orange rings are produced by its fluorescence.

 
At the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, nanoscientists Chris Giebink and Gary Wiederrecht, collaborating with Northwestern University Professor Michael Wasielewski, have investigated the use of fluorescent plastics called luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) that can be used to lower the cost of electricity from solar cells.
 
''In order to make solar power competitive in energy markets, we either need to get more energy from the cells we've already developed or find ways to make cheaper cells that give us the same amount of energy,'' Giebink said.
 
The three researchers are part of the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, one of 46 Energy Frontier Research Centers established in 2009 and supported by DOE's Office of Science.
 
Concentrating sunlight is one strategy to squeeze more power out of existing solar cells, which ultimately reduces the cost of the energy they produce. The question occupying researchers today is how best to gather as much sunlight as cheaply as possible. Although lenses and mirrors are one solution - think burning a piece of paper with a magnifying glass on a sunny day - they must be continually aimed at the sun as it moves across the sky each day, which requires an expensive tracking system.
 
Luminescent solar concentrators are an inexpensive, alternative approach that do not require solar tracking because they capture sunlight and change it to a different wavelength, according to Giebink. ''We're actively shifting the frequency of the light by absorbing and re-emitting it,'' he said. ''LSCs act kind of like flat funnels - we try to absorb a lot of light over the face of a plastic slab filled with dye, and then re-direct it all back out the edges. The whole process is designed to intensify the light as much as possible.''
 
The theoretical potential for this intensification, Giebink said, can exceed the equivalent of one hundred ''suns'' - the measurement of solar radiation on one spot. However, actual implementation has until now failed to produce such high intensities. ''The main problem we're running into is that light is getting lost in the slabs either due to reabsorption or to scattering, and that's the problem we have to solve,'' he said.
 
Using instrumentation and equipment at Argonne's Center for Nanoscale Materials, the researchers focused on altering the way light is re-emitted and reabsorbed inside an LSC by taking advantage of optical 'microcavity' effects, which occur when the dimensions of a structure are similar to the wavelength of light. In this case, the scientists were able to use a series of thin films with nanometre-scale changes in thickness to produce a 'resonance-shifting' effect, in which light fails to ''recognise'' the environment that it is emitted from, drastically reducing reabsorption. ''It really is like giving light amnesia - if light forgets how it came in, it's less likely to get reabsorbed or scattered out,'' Wiederrecht said.
 
Although the Argonne experimental research explored how LSCs work only in one dimension, both Giebink and Wiederrecht believe that a two-dimensional LSC analysis would show even greater efficacy for resonance-shifting. ''By finding better and better ways to pull this kind of switcheroo, the higher the efficiency we're going to get,'' Giebink said. ''We've demonstrated the general principle, now we just have to find the best pattern of dye thicknesses or alternatively the best way to vary the thickness of the glass.''