New lens ready for its close-up

Imagine digital cameras or smartphones without the bulky lenses or eyeglasses with lenses that are paper thin.

University of Utah electrical and computer engineering professor Rajesh Menon holds up the prototype of the first flat thin camera lens that he and his team developed. / Credit: University of Utah College of Engineering

Researchers have always thought that flat, ultra-thin optical lenses for cameras or other devices were impossible because of the way all the colours of light must bend through them. Consequently, photographers have had to put up with more cumbersome and heavier curved lenses.

But University of Utah electrical and computer engineering professor Rajesh Menon and his team have developed a new method of creating optics that are flat and thin yet can still perform the function of bending light to a single point, the basic step in producing an image.

His findings were published Friday, 12 February, in a new paper, Chromatic-Aberration-Corrected Diffractive Lenses for Ultra-Broadband Focusing, in the current issue of Scientific Reports. The study was co-authored by University of Utah doctoral students Peng Wang and Nabil Mohammad.

Menon and his doctoral students, Peng Wang and Nabil Mohamma, have developed a new kind of optical lens that is flat and ultrathin instead of the traditionally curved lens but can still focus all the colours of light to one point. The new lens can be used in cameras and other devices such as smartphones where the lens does not have to jet out of the body. Other applications of this potential lens system include medical devices in which thinner and lighter endoscopes can peer into the human body. It also could be used for drones or satellites with lighter cameras in which reducing weight is critical. Future smartphones could come with high-powered cameras that don't require the lens jetting out from the phone's thin body, such as the lens does now for the iPhone

"Instead of the lens having a curvature, it can be very flat so you get completely new design opportunities for imaging systems like the ones in your mobile phone," Menon says. "Our results correct a widespread misconception that flat, diffractive lenses cannot be corrected for all colors simultaneously."

In order to capture a photographic image in a camera or for your eyes to focus on an image through eyeglasses, the different colours of light must pass through the lenses and converge to a point on the camera sensor or on the eye's retina.

How light bends through curved lenses is based on the centuries-old concept known as refraction, a principle that is similar to when you put a pencil in a glass of water and notice that it "bends" in the water. To do this, cameras typically will use a stack of multiple curved lenses in order to focus all of the colors of light to a single point. Multiple lenses are needed because different colours bend differently, and they are designed to ensure that all colors come to the same focus.

Menon and his team discovered a way to design a flat lens that can be 10 times thinner than the width of a human hair or millions of times thinner than a camera lens today. They do it through a principle known as diffraction in which light interacts with microstructures in the lens and bends.

"In nature, we see this when you look at certain butterfly wings. The colour of the wings is from diffraction. If you look at a rainbow, it's from diffraction," he says. "What's new is we showed that we could actually engineer the bending of light through diffraction in such a way that the different colors all come to focus at the same point. That is what people believed could not be done."

Menon's researchers use specially created algorithms to calculate the geometry of a lens so different colors can pass through it and focus to a single point. The resulting lens, called a "super-achromatic lens," can be made of any transparent material such as glass or plastic.

Other applications of this potential lens system include medical devices in which thinner and lighter endoscopes can peer into the human body. It also could be used for drones or satellites with lighter cameras in which reducing weight is critical. Future smartphones could come with high-powered cameras that don't require the lens jetting out from the phone's thin body, such as the lens does now for the iPhone 6S.

Now that Menon and his team have proved the concept can work, he believes the first applications of their research could become a reality within five years.