Robots learn by watching how-to videos

When you hire new workers you might sit them down to watch an instructional video on how to do the job. What happens when you buy a new robot?

Cornell researchers are teaching robots to watch instructional videos and derive a series of step-by-step instructions to perform a task. You won't even have to turn on the DVD player; the robot can look up what it needs on YouTube. The work is aimed at a future when we may have ''personal robots'' to perform everyday housework – cooking, washing dishes, doing the laundry, feeding the cat – as well as to assist the elderly and people with disabilities.

The researchers call their project ''RoboWatch.'' Part of what makes it possible is that there is a common underlying structure to most how-to videos. And, there's plenty of source material available. YouTube offers 180,000 videos on ''How to make an omelet'' and 281,000 on ''How to tie a bowtie.'' By scanning multiple videos on the same task, a computer can find what they all have in common and reduce that to simple step-by-step instructions in natural language.

Why do people post all these videos? ''Maybe to help people or maybe just to show off,'' says graduate student Ozan Sener, lead author of a paper on the video parsing method.

A key feature of their system, Sener pointed out, is that it is ''unsupervised.'' In most previous work, robot learning is accomplished by having a human explain what the robot is observing – for example, teaching a robot to recognize objects by showing it pictures of the objects while a human labels them by name. Here, a robot with a job to do can look up the instructions and figure them out for itself.

Faced with an unfamiliar task, the robot's computer brain begins by sending a query to YouTube to find a collection of how-to videos on the topic. The algorithm includes routines to omit ''outliers'' – videos that fit the keywords but are not instructional; a query about cooking, for example, might bring up clips from the animated feature Ratatoullie, ads for kitchen appliances or some old Three Stooges routines.

The computer scans the videos frame by frame, looking for objects that appear often, and reads the accompanying narration - using subtitles – looking for frequently repeated words. Using these markers it matches similar segments in the various videos and orders them into a single sequence.

From the subtitles of that sequence it can produce written instructions. In other research, robots have learned to perform tasks by listening to verbal instructions from a human. In the future, information from other sources such as Wikipedia might be added.

The learned knowledge from the YouTube videos is made available via RoboBrain, an online knowledge base robots anywhere can consult to help them do their jobs.

The research is supported in part by the Office of Naval Research and a Google Research Award.